Using data that the author has compiled through his/her independent investigation. However, if you wanted to say that until the energy crisis beginning in 1973, with its attendant inflation, he had continued the old economic policies of previous Liberal governments - then you would need to cite your source. For example, it is common knowledge that Pierre Trudeau was Prime Minister of Canada in the 1970's, so you would not have to cite that information. One of the ways to judge if something is common knowledge is to ask yourself if everyone in the field would know this information or if no-one would argue against it. It is not necessary to cite information that is common knowledge. The correct answer to this question is c). 
Note that quoting is usually done more in the arts and social sciences than in the sciences and is usually best done 1) when the words quoted are the best, most memorable, or most succinct way of expressing the information, 2) when you are referring to an original text that you are writing about - as in a close reading, or 3) when the words are those of an acknowledged master or authority in the field.
You always have to give a reference when you quote specific words or passages from another source - and you must put the author's words within quotation marks to indicate that you are doing this.
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